Coordinated cross-border raids were being carried out at "ten commercial properties" across the three countries, the public prosecutor for the German state of Hesse said in a statement.
Fiat Chrysler and Inveco's parent company CNH Industrial later issued statements confirming that their offices were among those searched.
Both said they were "providing full cooperation" with officials.
The automobile and industrial vehicle groups are suspected of having installed so-called "defeat devices" into their vehicles in order to illegally cheat on emissions tests.
Such devices make vehicles appear to spew fewer harmful pollutants in the lab than on the road.
Prosecutors suspect they may have been used in Iveco vehicles and those of Fiat Chrysler subsidiaries such as Alfa Romeo, Fiat and Jeep.
Wednesday's searches are the latest in a long string of probes into the auto industry following German giant Volkswagen's 2015 admission to cheating emissions tests on 11 million vehicles worldwide.
While Volkswagen have been at the centre of the scandal, other carmakers -- including Fiat Chrysler -- have also been implicated.
The American-Italian group agreed in January 2019 to pay a $515 million settlement in the US over charges it used defeat devices.
One of its senior managers was later charged with misleading US environmental regulators over the scandal.
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